Per the ColdFusion Blog entry regarding the EULA, Adobe considers four cores to be a CPU - so a quad-core processor is one CPU. You can run ColdFusion 10 Standard on up to a dual quad-core server under the terms of the license. Here is an excerpt:
The power of a CPU has grown enormously over the last few years and we now see individual core in a CPU itself being as powerful as a CPU. Few companies treat every group of two cores as a CPU and also change their licensing based on the power of processing core involved. We decided to take a lighter stand on this. Our idea was not to penalize our customers just because we now have cores in the CPU definition. Four cores in a CPU is the norm these days. So we decided to chose four cores to be deemed as a CPU.
What this would mean is, if you are running ColdFusion on a 2 quad core CPU (8 cores in total, which would be deemed as 2 CPUs), you can still continue to run ColdFusion 10 on it.
HTH,
-Carl V.